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1. Telemedicine 2. Genetic Engineering. 3. Telehealth. 4. Remote Patient Monitoring. 5. Precision Medicine. ©️Teacher Tiffani Health tech is revolutionizing the way we approach healthcare. Telemedicine and remote patient monitoring allow for convenient and accessible healthcare, especially for those in remote areas. Genetic engineering and precision medicine are transforming treatments by tailoring therapies to individual patients' genetic makeup. These advancements, coupled with the power of artificial intelligence, are enabling earlier disease detection and more effective treatments. As telehealth continues to gain popularity, the future of healthcare holds immense promise for improving patient outcomes and enhancing overall well-being.

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1. Disruptive. 2. Prototype. 3. Iterative. 4. Breakthrough. 5. Disruptor. 6. Status quo. 现状 版权©️Teacher Tiffani. Innovation is the driving force of progress, propelling us towards a future filled with endless possibilities. Disruptive innovations challenge the status quo, upending industries and reshaping markets. Breakthrough innovations, on the other hand, offer radical solutions to long-standing problems. Iterative innovation, being a more gradual approach, involves continuous improvement and refinement. Then there is prototyping, a crucial step in the innovation process that allows us to visualize and test ideas before full-scale implementation. All in all, those who embrace innovation and become disruptors have the power to change the world!

📝TED【What is Hysteria, and why were so many women diagnosed with it? 】 Do you ever feel tired? Overwhelmed? Nervous? Depressed? Do you have headaches, dizziness, cramps, difficulty breathing? From 300 BCE to the early 1900s, if you answered yes to these questions and you had a uterus, a European or American doctor would likely diagnose you with hysteria. No, not mass hysteria1. Ladylike hysteria. The catch-all term “hysteria” was used by physicians, who were mostly men, to describe just about any unexplainable medical condition suffered by female patients. By some interpretations, being a woman was itself long considered a pathology from which all kinds of problems arose. Throughout its long history, hysteria was used as a cultural signifier for what men with authority found contemptible and incomprehensible in the behavior of women who lacked, or tried to exercise, power. The term hysteria is derived from the Greek word for uterus, and was first used in the 4th century BCE. Drawing on earlier Egyptian beliefs, and not a great deal of medical rigor, the Greeks viewed hysteria as a malady of the womb, arguing that the uterus could dislodge and move throughout the body, causing a variety of ailments. They believed the uterus wandered because it longed to bear children, and for that reason, unmarried women were the most likely to get a hysteria diagnosis. The usual prescription was immediate marriage, impregnation, or the use of uterine fumigations to entice the rebellious organ back into place. By the 2nd century CE, Roman physicians rejected the wandering womb theory. But they still viewed the uterus as the source of hysteria, believing, without much evidence, that it produced a secretion similar to semen, which— if not released11— corrupted the blood and irritated the nerves. As a result, midwives would often treat hysteria by manually inducing orgasms in female patients. By the late Middle Ages, Christianity had spread throughout Europe, and its influence had likewise infiltrated Western medical practice. Physicians started to posit that hysteria was a malady not of the womb, but of the soul, and reflected Satanic influence. Doctors continued to dismiss women’s symptoms and pain, now misogynistically shifting the blame to their supposed inherent weak wills and susceptibility to sin. This situation worsened through the 16th and 17th centuries, as women, especially those who didn’t conform to social expectations, risked being accused of witchcraft, which often carried heavy consequences. In late Victorian Europe and North America, some medical doctors started arguing that hysteria’s true origin lay not in the body or soul, but rather, in the mind. Middle class women, facing intense demands of social respectability and strict codes of sexual conduct, were often referred to “nerve doctors” who’d use isolating and unfounded rest cures to treat any emotional and psychological distress. When writing her semi-autobiographical short story, “The Yellow Wallpaper,” Charlotte Perkins Gilman drew from the distressing treatment she underwent for her so-called hysterical tendencies. The narrator, suffering from what would now likely be diagnosed as postpartum depression, describes being confined alone in an attic and being denied any intellectual activity, including reading or writing. Around this same time, Sigmund Freud was rising to fame. He believed hysteria, like other nervous conditions, was caused by repressed emotional trauma. His treatment required drawing these memories out of the unconscious so they could be acknowledged and addressed. Freud also dismissed the idea that hysteria was unique to women. Belief in “male hysteria” became prominent during and after the First World War, but was framed as the more masculine-sounding “shell shock” Over the 20th century, the term hysteria was slowly replaced by specific, less gendered diagnoses, including anxiety, depression, PTSD, and epilepsy. And hysteria was officially removed from the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” in 1980. Today, most scholars argue that the blanket disease hysteria was always a figment of doctors’ imaginations. As outright medical sexism declined, so did its diagnosis. Nevertheless, its legacy reflects Western medicine’s long, storied, and ongoing history of misattributing and trivializing women’s pain.

©️Teacher Tiffani 【Travel Tips】 ＊读错etiquette 1. Accommodation. 2. Passport. 3. Packing. 4. Transit. 5. Budget. Traveling can be an exciting and enriching experience, but it's important to be prepared. One of the first things to consider is your budget, which will determine your transportation options, accommodation, and activities. When planning your trip, research public transit systems and consider using them to save money and experience local culture. Packing efficiently is key to comfortable travel, so make a list of essentials and pack light. Don't forget to check your passport expiration date and obtain any necessary visas well in advance of your trip. With a little planning and preparation, you can have a memorable and stress-free adventure. 【Scientific Research】 1. Hypothesis. 2. Methodology. ＊Rigorous. 严格的/严厉的 ＊Validity. 有效性/正确性 3. Variable. 4. Data. 5. Peer review. Scientific research is a systematic process of inquiry that involves the collection and analysis of data to test hypotheses. Researchers develop a methodology to conduct their experiments, carefully controlling variables to ensure accurate results. Once completed, the research is typically subjected to peer review, where other experts in the field evaluate its validity and significance. This process helps to ensure the reliability and credibility of scientific findings.

📄TED【The myth behind Chinese zodiac】 What's your sign? In Western astrology, it's a constellation determined by when your birthday falls in the calendar. But according to the Chinese zodiac, or shēngxiào, it's your shǔxiàng, meaning the animal assigned to your birth year. And of the many myths explaining these animal signs and their arrangement, the most enduring one is that of the Great Race. As the story goes, Yù Dì, or Jade Emperor, Ruler of the Heavens, wanted to devise a way to measure time, so he organized a race. The first twelve animals to make it across the river would earn a spot on the zodiac calendar in the order they arrived. The rat rose with the sun to get an early start, but on the way to the river, he met the horse, the tiger, and the ox. Because the rat was small and couldn't swim very well, he asked the bigger animals for help. While the tiger and horse refused, the kind-hearted ox agreed to carry the rat across. Yet, just as they were about to reach the other side, the rat jumped off the ox's head and secured first place. The ox came in second, with the powerful tiger right behind him. The rabbit, too small to battle the current, nimbly hopped across stones and logs to come in fourth. Next came the dragon, who could have flown directly across, but stopped to help some creatures she had encountered on the way. After her came the horse, galloping across the river. But just as she got across, the snake slithered by. The startled horse reared back, letting the snake sneak into sixth place. The Jade Emperor looked out at the river and spotted the sheep, the monkey, and the rooster all atop a raft, working together to push it through the weeds. When they made it across, the trio agreed to give eighth place to the sheep, who had been the most comforting and harmonious of them, followed by the monkey and the rooster. Next came the dog, scrambling onto the shore. He was a great swimmer, but frolicked in the water for so long that he only managed to come in eleventh. The final spot was claimed by the pig, who had gotten hungry and stopped to eat and nap before finally waddling across the finish line. And so, each year is associated with one of the animals in this order, with the cycle starting over every 60 years. Why 60 and not twelve? Well, the traditional Chinese calendar is made up of two overlapping systems. The animals of the zodiac are associated with what's called the Twelve Earthly Branches, or shí'èrzhī. Another system, the Ten Heavenly Stems, or tiāngān, is linked with the five classical elements of metal, xīn, wood, mù, water, shuǐ, fire, huǒ, and earth, tǔ. Each element is assigned yīn or yáng, creating a ten-year cycle. When the twelve animals of the Earthly Branches are matched with the five elements plus the yīn or the yáng of the Heavenly Stems, it creates 60 years of different combinations, known as a sexagenary cycle, or gānzhī. So someone born in 1980 would have the sign of yáng metal monkey, while someone born in 2007 would be yīn fire pig. In fact, you can also have an inner animal based on your birth month, a true animal based on your birth date, and a secret animal based on your birth hour. It was the great race that supposedly determined which animals were enshrined in the Chinese zodiac, but as the system spread through Asia, other cultures made changes to reflect their communities. So if you consult the Vietnamese zodiac, you may discover that you're a cat, not a rabbit, and if you're in Thailand, a mythical snake called a Naga replaces the dragon. So whether or not you place stock in what the zodiac says about you as an individual, it certainly reveals much about the culture it comes from.

1. Encryption 加密 Unauthorized 未经许可的 2. Anonymity 匿名 Repercussion 恶果/坏的反响 Pervasive 普遍的/渗透的 3. Data Breach 数据泄露 Regulatory bodies 监管部门 4. Tracking 追踪 5. Consent 准许 Explicit consent 明确的许可 ©️Teacher Tiffani Online privacy is a growing concern as individuals increasingly share personal information online. Consent is a fundamental principle, ensuring users have control over their data. However, tracking technologies often collect data without explicit consent, raising privacy concerns. Data breaches can expose sensitive information, leading to identity theft and financial loss. Anonymity allows users to interact online without revealing their true identity, while encryption protects data by scrambling it, making it difficult for unauthorized individuals to access. Understanding these concepts is essential for protecting online privacy and navigating the digital landscape responsibly.

©️Teacher Tiffani 1. Genotype 📚 DEFINITION The genetic constitution of an individual, typically represented by specific alleles for a given trait. 📄 Example Sentences: 1. The genotype of an organism determines its potential characteristics and traits. 2. Genetic testing can reveal an individual's genotype for specific inherited conditions. 3. Scientists often study the genotype to understand the genetic basis of diseases. 2. Phenotype 📚 DEFINITION The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by both genotype and environment. 📄 Example Sentences: 1. The phenotype of a plant can be influenced by its growing conditions as well as its genotype. 2. Genetic testing can help predict an individual's phenotype in relation to certain traits. 3. Researchers analyze both genotype and phenotype to understand genetic diversity. 3. Mutation 📚 DEFINITION A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to variations in traits and may result in diseases or conditions. 📄 Example Sentences: 1. Genetic testing can identify specific mutations associated with hereditary diseases. 2. Some mutations are benign, while others can have serious health implications. 3. Environmental factors can sometimes trigger mutations in DNA that affect cell function. 4. Allele 📚 DEFINITION One of two or more versions of a gene that can exist at a specific locus on a chromosome. 📄 Example Sentences: 1. Each individual inherits one allele from each parent for every gene. 2. Genetic testing can reveal which alleles a person carries for specific traits. 3. Variations in alleles can influence characteristics such as eye color and disease susceptibility. 5. Carrier 📚 DEFINITION An individual who has one copy of a mutated gene for a recessive disorder but does not exhibit symptoms of the disorder. 📄 Example Sentences: 1. Genetic testing can determine if someone is a carrier of certain genetic conditions. 2. Understanding carrier status is important for family planning and prenatal care. 3. Many people are unaware they are carriers of genetic mutations until tested. A PARAGRAPH USING THE 5 VOCABULARY WORDS Genetic testing is a process used to analyze a person's DNA to identify genetic variations. These variations, known as alleles, can influence a person's risk of developing certain diseases or traits. A carrier is an individual who has one copy of a harmful allele but does not exhibit symptoms. Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can lead to altered phenotypes, or observable characteristics. Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, while phenotype refers to the physical expression of those genes. All in all, genetic testing has the potential to revolutionize healthcare and provide valuable insights into individual health and well-being.

1. Hydroelectric. 2. Geothermal. 3. Solar. 4. Wind turbine. 5. Renewable. ©️Teacher Tiffani Renewable energy sources are natural resources that can be replenished over time. Wind turbines harness the power of the wind to generate electricity. Solar energy converts sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. Geothermal energy taps into the heat from the Earth's interior to produce electricity and heat, and hydroelectric power utilizes the force of flowing water to generate electricity. Ultimately, the transition to renewable energy sources is essential for building a sustainable future and mitigating the effects of climate change.

📄TED【Why is it so hard to break a bad habit? 】 Billions of people deal with a nail-biting habit at some point in their lives. Many will go to great lengths to try to stop, employing strategies like rubbing chili peppers on their cuticles, wearing gloves all day, dipping their hands in salt, and envisioning bacteria crawling on their fingers. And while not all of us are nail-biters, most of us do have a habit we'd like to kick. So what's the best way to break one? Scientists define habits as behaviors that are performed regularly, and cued subconsciously in response to certain environments, whether it be a location, time of day, or even an emotional state. They can include simple actions like picking your hair when stressed, but also more complex practices ingrained in daily routines, like staying up late or brewing your coffee in the morning. If you do something frequently, without much deliberation, then it’s likely a habit. They form because at some point your brain learns that the behavior is beneficial. Let's say after opening a stressful email, you bite your nails. This is rewarding, as it’s enough to focus your attention, curbing your email fueled anxiety. Within your brain, positive experiences can trigger the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that mediates feelings of pleasure. Dopamine is also a driver of neuroplasticity, meaning it can change how your neurons wire and fire. Your brain builds connections that link the reward with the behavior, driving you to repeat it. It also starts associating the behavior with other cues, like your environment. Eventually, all it takes is the context of sitting at your desk to subconsciously trigger a nail-biting habit— no stressful email or sense of relief required. Once established, these cue-behavior-reward loops work fast, outpacing the decision-making process. You may find yourself engaging in a habit before you have the chance to notice and stop. But this can be a good thing because not all habits are bad. They’re stored memories of what’s worked in the past, which allow you to take swift action in the present. One study estimated that on average, people spend more than 40% of their days performing regularly repeated behaviors while their minds are occupied with other thoughts. A seemingly automated morning routine, for example, saves you both time and precious mental energy. Still, many people have habits that no longer serve them. Yet research shows that intentions alone often fail to lead to long-term behavior change. This isn’t to say you can’t break a habit. Rather, by understanding the basis of habits, you can create better plans for changing them. For example, we know habits are often cued by environments and routines. Lying in bed may cause you to endlessly scroll through your phone, or watching TV on the couch may lead you to grab a sugary snack. One of the most effective ways to manage behavior is to identify these locations or times of day. Then try to modify them by changing your routine or creating obstacles that make it more difficult to perform the habit in that space. Moving, switching jobs, or even starting a new schedule, are particularly great times to break a habit or build a new one. One 2005 study tracked university students’ exercising, reading, and TV watching habits before and after they transferred schools. When students were no longer around old environments and routines, their habits, even the strong ones, significantly changed. For behaviors like nail-biting or hair-pulling, a practice called habit reversal training can be helpful. Developed by psychologists in the 1970s, the aim is to change a habit by replacing it with another one that’s less detrimental. The training requires you to analyze and understand your habit cues, so you can effectively intervene at the right times. For example, if you tend to bite your nails at work, preemptively keep a fidget toy at your desk. Then, if a stressful email comes in, use the toy when you feel the urge to bite your nails. Breaking a habit takes time, so remember to give yourself grace and have patience through the process. And while many focus on their bad habits, it’s also worth celebrating the good ones that help us move swiftly and successfully through our daily routines.

📄TED【What's the best fuel for your car?】 Historically, most cars have run on gasoline, but that doesn't have to be the case in the future: other liquid fuels and electricity can also power cars. So what are the differences between these options? And which one's best? Gasoline is refined from crude oil, a fossil fuel extracted from deep underground. The energy in gasoline comes from a class of molecules called hydrocarbons. There are hundreds of different hydrocarbons in crude oil, and different ones are used to make gasoline and diesel- which is why you can't use them interchangeably. Fuels derived from crude oil are extremely energy dense, bringing a lot of bang for your buck. Unfortunately, they have many drawbacks. Oil spills cause environmental damage and cost billions of dollars to clean up. Air pollution from burning fossil fuels like these kills 4.5 million people each year. And transportation accounts for 16% of global greenhouse gas emissions, almost half of which comes from passenger cars burning fossil fuels. These emissions warm the planet and make weather more extreme. In the U.S. alone, storms caused by climate change caused $500 billion of damage in the last five years. So while gas is efficient, something so destructive can't be the best fuel. The most common alternative is electricity. Electric cars use a battery pack and electric motor instead of the internal combustionengine found in gas-powered cars, and must be charged at charging stations. With the right power infrastructure, they can be as efficient as gas-powered cars. If powered by electricity generated without fossil fuels, they can avoid greenhouse gas emissions entirely. They're more expensive than gas- powered cars, but the cost difference has been shrinking rapidly since2010. The other alternatives to gasoline are other liquid fuels. Many of these can be shipped and stored using the same infrastructure as gasoline, and used in the same cars. They can also be carbon-neutral if they're made using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere-meaning when we burn them, we release that same carbon dioxide back into the air, and don't add to overall emissions. One approach to carbon neutral fuel is to capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combine its carbon with the hydrogen in water. This creates hydrocarbons, the source of energy in fossil fuels-but without any emissions if the fuels are made using clean electricity. These fuels take up more space than an energetically equivalent amount of gasoline - an obstacle to using them in cars. Another approach is to make carbon-neutral fuels from plants, which sequester carbon from the air through photosynthesis. But growing the plants also has to be carbon neutral-which rules out many crops that require fertilizer, a big contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. So the next generation of these fuels must be made from either plant waste or plants that don't require fertilizer to grow. Biofuels can be about as efficient as gasoline, though not all are. For a fuel to be the best option, people have to be able to afford it. Unfortunately, the high upfront costs of implementing new technologies and heavy subsidies for the producers of fossil fuels, mean that almost every green technology is more expensive than its fossil-fuel-based cousin. This cost difference is known as a green premium. Governments have already started subsidizing electric vehicles to help make up the difference. In some places, depending on the costs of electricity and gas, electric cars can already be cheaper overall, despite the higher cost of the car. The other alternatives are trickier, for now- zero-carbon liquid fuels can be double the price of gasoline or more. Innovators are doing everything they can to bring green premiums down, because in the end, the best fuel will be both affordable for consumers and sustainable for our planet.

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1. Anxiety. 2. Depression. 3. Resilience. 4. Stigma. 5. Coping. ©️Teacher Tiffani Mental health is a crucial aspect of overall well-being. It encompasses our emotional, psychological, and social states. Many people experience mental health challenges such as anxiety and depression. Unfortunately, these conditions often carry a stigma, leading to feelings of shame or embarrassment. Developing coping strategies can help individuals manage mental health difficulties. Remember, resilience is the ability to bounce back from adversity and challenges, and it plays a vital role in maintaining mental health. By understanding and addressing mental health challenges, we can create a more compassionate and supportive society for everyone.